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Surfactants
SAMs are Surfactants. These are organic compounds that have a charge that reduces surface tension, thus loosening dirt from the surface to be cleaned or making it easier to slide across the surface, and distributing the coating more evenly. Surfactants also help to form emulsions, i.e. they help to mix substances of oily origin with water-soluble or water-based components, thus facilitating the washing off of grease, thus producing a homogeneous and transparent cosmetic product. There are 4 groups of compounds: anionic (have a negative (-) charge), non-ionic (have a neutral (0) charge), amphoteric (have both a negative and a positive (+-) charge), and cationic (have a positive (+) charge).
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Surfactants are used in cosmetics, cleaning, paints, agriculture, horticulture and other fields.
The most popular surfactants are coco glucoside, decyl glucoside, cocamide propyl betaine, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium cumene sulfonate.
The mildest surfactants are: lauryl glycoside, coco glucoside, decyl glucoside, cocamide propyl betaine, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, sodium olefin sulfonate, polysorbate.